Without a backup or working phone the notes will be unrecoverable however you could try a few things: if the phone / parts work a bit plugging it into a pc could be done to recover the files on the phone. Was the notes associated with an email account? If so you should be able to sign into that email and recover the notes that way. Did the phone have a memory card installed? If so the card could contain the notes. Hope this helps and goodluck! 
@yesso: Depending on your backup history, you may wish to explore the recovery options inside the Samsung Notes app itself. With this in mind, open Samsung Notes > Tap the 3 lines in the top left > Tap the cog in the top right of the pop-up window > Import data from > S Notes, and select Samsung account or Google Drive.
